Ehara kē a Rūtene James Cook i te Pākehā tuatahi rawa kia tae mai ki Aotearoa. Tērā anō ētahi i tere mai ki konei i Ūropi, i runga i te tūmanako nui kia kitea 'terra australis' — te whenua nui i te tonga o te ao.
Katoa ēnei tāngata i tūpono ki te iwi Māori. Ko ētahi, i pai te āwhina a tētahi taha i tētahi taha, ko ētahi tūtakinga, i kino kē te āhua.
Lieutenant James Cook wasn't the first Pākehā explorer to arrive in Aotearoa New Zealand. A few others made daring journeys from Europe, hoping to find 'terra australis' — a great southern continent.
All met Māori. There was cooperation and conflict on both sides.
I kitea te Waipounamu o Aotearoa e Tāhimana, tētahi kaihōpara nō Hōrana, i te 13 o Tīhema 1642, i mua i te tūnga o te waka ki Taitapu. I rere atu te iwi Māori o reira ki te wero i ēnei tauhou kirimā kēhua nei, ā, ka tangi ko te pūtātara. Ka pūhia e te kaipuke ōna pūrepo, me te piki anō o te āwangawanga.
I te rā o muri mai, i tukia tētahi o ngā poti o Tāhimana e tētahi waka, ā, tokowhā ngā heremana i whakamatea.
Ahakoa tēnei aituā, ka tuhia e Tāhimana 'he tino whenua taurikura tēnei.'
I muri mai i tōna hokinga ki te kāinga, ka tapā tēnei whenua e ngā tāngata o Hōrana ko Nieuw Zeeland.
Tasman, a Dutch explorer, sighted the South Island on 13 December 1642 before anchoring in Golden Bay. Māori challenged these ghostly white newcomers with blasts on shell trumpets. The ship fired a cannon, raising tensions.
The next day, one of Tasman's vessels was rammed by a waka and 4 sailors were killed.
Despite the tragedy, Tasman wrote that this was 'a very fine land'.
After he returned home, the Dutch named this land Nieuw Zeeland.
Ko wai a Tupaia? Me kōrero rā ngā mahi tino whai hua o tēnei rangatira o Tahiti ki te takawaenga i ngā āhuatanga katoa i te āmiotanga o te Endeavour i te whenua. He tohunga ahurewa, he tohunga whakatere waka, he ringa toi ia. He tino kaiwhakamāori ia, ā, me kore ake a Tupaia ia kua raru te katoa. Nāna te hunga Peretānia me ngāi Māori i āwhina kia mārama tētahi taha ki tētahi — me kī, nāna i kaupare te patu mākūware i te tāngata.
Ahakoa haere ki hea, ka mihia a Tupaia hei ariki, ka hūhia ki te korowai ki te kaitaka, ā, ka noho a ngāi Māori ki te whakarongo ki ana kōrero paki mō tana kāinga, kāore i tino tawhiti i tō rātou.
I mate ia i ngā marama o muri mai, ūā ana nei hoki. I te haerenga tuarua mai a Kuki i te tau 1772, he tini ngā Māori i hoehoe mai mā runga i ō rātou waka me te karanga, 'Tupaia! Tupaia!' E ai ki a Kuki i mōhiotia tōna ingoa i 'te nuinga o ngā rohe o Aotearoa.'
Tupaia's chart from 1769 shows how well Polynesians knew the South Pacific. It is very different to the emptiness of the same space in European maps of the time.
Image credit: Copy chart of the Society Islands, 1769 by James Cook, Tupaia. Ref: Add. MS 21593 C British Library — The British Library Board. Public domain. Used with permission.
Who was Tupaia? This brilliant Tahitian played a vital role on the Endeavour as it sailed around the country. He was a high priest, a master navigator, and an artist. He was also a much-needed translator. He helped British and Māori understand each other — and saved lives as a result.
Wherever Tupaia went, Māori treated him as a high chief, wrapping him in cloaks and listening to stories of his homeland, not far from their own.
Tragically, he died a few months later. On Cook's second voyage, in 1772, Māori paddled out shouting, 'Tupaia! Tupaia!' His name, Cook said, was 'known over the great part of New Zealand'.
I te tau 1769 i āmio te Endeavour me ōna heremana i te takutai o Aotearoa.
He aha ngā mea i kitea e te iwi Māori? He tuma, tē mōhiotia te hōhonutanga o te āhua. He hangarau hou, he hoa hokohoko hou.
He aha ngā mea i kitea e Rūtene Kuki? He moutere haumako. He tupu whakamīharo 'tauhou'. He raorao wātea e takoto kau ana.
I pā tētahi aituā tino nui i te ūnga tuatahi o ngā heremana ki uta i te Tai Rāwhiti. I roto i ngā hāora 36, tokoiws ngāi Māori kua taotū, kua mate rawa rānei.
I ngā marama o muri mai, ka whirinaki atu a Kuki ki a Tupaia kia takawaenga me ngāi Māori.
The first part of Aotearoa seen by Lieutenant Cook and the crew of the Endeavour in October 1769 — Tūranganui-a-Kiwa, which Cook named Poverty Bay. Engravings based on drawings by Sydney Parkinson.
Image credit: View of the North Side of the Entrance into Poverty Bay & Morai Island in New Zealand. 1. Young Nick's Head. 2. Morai Island. View of another Side of the Entrance into the Said Bay by Richard Bernard Godfrey and Sydney Parkinson. Ref: PUBL-0037-14 Alexander Turnbull Library. Some rights reserved.
HMS Endeavour.
Image credit: HMS Endeavour. Archives New Zealand on Flickr. Some rights reserved: CC BY 2.0.
In 1769, the Endeavour and her crew travelled around New Zealand.
What did Māori see? An uncertain threat. New technology and trade.
What did Lieutenant Cook see? Fertile islands. Exotic 'unknown' plants. Wide open spaces.
The crew's first trip ashore on the East Coast was disastrous. In just 36 hours, 9 Māori were wounded or shot dead.
In the months ahead, Cook relied on Tupaia to mediate relationships with Māori.
Beef-stock tablets used to make soup.
Image credit: Portable soup blocks by Geoff Carefoot. Tommy's Pack Fillers, England. All rights reserved. Used with permission.
I paeratia ngā pire kukūtanga pīwhi pēnei i ēnei ki te parāoa pī (pea flour), kātahi ka whāngaia ki ngā heremana i te Endeavour hei ārai i te mate hapa huaora C. Te take o tēnei mahi patu tangata ko te korenga huaora C i roto i ngā kai.
E ai ki a Kuki he āwhina nui te wai kōhua rā — hoi anō ko ngā huarākau me ngā rau otaota i kainga e ngā heremana i tēnā wā, i tēnā wā te tino pūtake i ora ai te hunga nei.
Kāore ngā kaihōrapa iwi taketake o Te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa i mate i te mate hapa huaora C. He kai mātaitai mata tonu rātou, he kai hua rākau, hua whenua kua oti te rokiroki, ā, he pūtake katoa ēnei mō te huaora C.
Beef-stock tablets like this were boiled up with pea flour and fed to sailors on the Endeavour to prevent scurvy. This deadly illness was caused by a lack of vitamin C.
Cook thought the soup helped — but it was probably the fresh fruit and greens the crew sometimes ate that saved them.
Polynesian explorers didn't suffer from scurvy. They ate fresh seafood, and preserved fruit and vegetables — great sources of vitamin C.
Cat-o'nine-tails whip.
Image credit: Cat-o-nine tails, United Kingdom, 1700–1850. Science Museum, London. Some rights reserved: CC BY 4.0.
Me tango tō hāte, me tū kaha koe i roto i te whiunga i tō kiri ki tēnei wepu kino — te cat-o'-nine-tails!
Ko ngā hara e whiua ai koe ki te wepu i te Endeavour ko te whakakeke ki te whakatika hēra, te tū o te ihu ki ō waikōhua, me te tāhae taonga i te tangata whenua.
Bare your back for a lashing from this nasty whip — the cat-o'-nine-tails!
Refusing to mend sails, not eating your soup, and stealing from locals were crimes that could earn you a whipping on the Endeavour.
Elizabeth Cook's embroidered map showing her husband's 3 Pacific voyages.
Image credit: Captain Cook's Three Voyages, ca 1800 by Elizabeth Cook. Ref: 00004991 Australian National Maritime Museum — ANMM Collection. All rights reserved. Used with permission.
I a Kāpene Kuki i tarawāhi ao, ka noho tana wahine aroha a Elizabeth ki te tuitui i tōna kāinga. Ko tēnei mapi o ana haerenga e toru tētahi o ana tuinga, e ai ki ngā mātanga.
I piri tahi ngā Kuki mō te 17 tau, heoi anō, i te kāinga a James mō ngā tau e whā noa iho. I whakamatea ia i Hawai'i i te tau 1779, hei utu mō te kāwhakitanga e ia o tētahi ariki o Hawai'i.
While James Cook was off on intrepid adventures, his loving wife Elizabeth often sat sewing. This embroidered map of his 3 voyages is likely her work.
The Cooks were married for 17 years, but James was only at home for 4 of them. He was killed in Hawaii in 1779 in response to killing a Hawaiian chief.
He tino pai te noho tahi a te tangata wīwī a de Surville me ngāi Māori i Ōruru (Doubtless Bay) i te tuatahi. Ka inoi ia kia whakaaetia ia kia tuatua rākau, ā, ka tukua e ia tana hoari ki tētahi rangatira.
I muri mai, i runga i te whakapono kua tāhaetia tētahi o ana poti, ka tahuna e ana heremana ētahi whare, ā, ka kāwhakina e rātou te rangatira a Ranginui, i mate i te mate hapa huaora C i muri mai.
I noho te tangata wīwī i a Marion du Fresne mō tētahi rua marama i te Pēwhairangi. I te tuatahi, he rangimārie te noho i reira.
I muri mai, i patua ia, me ngā heremana 24 o tana kaipuke, nā tā rātou peka atu ki tētahi kokoru tapu. Ka tahuri ia ki te whakamate atu i te 250 Māori, ā, ka tere mai mō te puku o Te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa.
Frenchman de Surville got on well with Māori in Doubtless Bay at first. He asked permission to fell trees and gave his sword to a chief.
Later believing one of his boats had been stolen, his crew set fire to some whare and kidnapped the chief Ranginui, who later died of scurvy.
Frenchman Marion du Fresne spent 2 months in the Bay of Islands. At first, his experience was peaceful.
Later he and 24 of his crew were killed for visiting a forbidden bay. The French massacred some 250 Māori, then set sail for the central Pacific.