Women in church work

Date: 1860-1862

By: Beatson, Clara Adelaide, 1839-

Reference: MS-0150

Description: Diary kept in Nelson by Clara Durley during the year before her marriage to William Ford Beatson, for a small part of the year following her marriage, and for the major part of the second year of her marriage. Entries in the first year concerned mainly with the religious life, comments on church sermons, and observations on the need for constant vigilance against the Devil. Entries after marriage concerned with domestic affairs, weather, babies, social activities. Brief mention of many Nelson residents Quantity: 1 volume(s) (114 pages). Physical Description: Holograph (19 cm; maroon roan, in phase box)

Date: 1888-1968 (1980)

By: Smith, Ellen, 1888-1981

Reference: MS-Papers-2397

Description: Reminiscences describe her childhood, life in Wellington and experiences as the wife of a parish minister Brought up in Napier, after leaving school worked in Wellington. Married Presbyterian minister and lived in parishes in Waipawa, Manaia, Dunedin and Auckland Quantity: 1 folder(s) (88 leaves). 0.01 Linear Metres. Physical Description: Typescript (photocopy)

Date: 6 Apr 1971-5 Apr 1983

From: South Wairarapa Parish : Records of St Andrew's Church (Martinborough) and St John's Church (Featherston)

Reference: MS-Papers-11958-4

Description: Includes minutes of a special meeting held on 19 September 1982 to discuss the future of St Francis Church Kahutara. Quantity: 1 folder(s). Physical Description: Mss, holograph

Date: 4 Mar 1947-5 Apr 1962

From: South Wairarapa Parish : Records of St Andrew's Church (Martinborough) and St John's Church (Featherston)

Reference: MS-Papers-11958-2

Description: Minutes of monthly and annual meetings of the Guild. Quantity: 1 folder(s). Physical Description: Mss, holograph

Date: 7 May 1955-3 Dec 1962

From: South Wairarapa Parish : Records of St Andrew's Church (Martinborough) and St John's Church (Featherston)

Reference: MS-Papers-11958-3

Description: Quantity: 1 folder(s). Physical Description: Mss, holograph

Date: 6 Sep 1938-30 Sep 1946

From: South Wairarapa Parish : Records of St Andrew's Church (Martinborough) and St John's Church (Featherston)

Reference: MS-Papers-11958-1

Description: Includes minutes of the meeting at which the branch was established, an outline of its aims and a list of members in 1946. Quantity: 1 folder(s). Physical Description: Mss, holograph

Date: 16 Jan 2001

From: Upper Hutt Uniting Parish Millennium Project

By: Bolitho, Lois Ann, 1937-

Reference: OHInt-0593/10

Description: Lois Bolitho talks of Oamaru, gives her reasons for choosing to live in Upper Hutt and describes several Methodist churches, their organs, explains the organists' and pianists' circuit in the parish and mentions Irene Girven's musicianship. Talks of her family's connections with Wallaceville Church and support of family and parish friends after her husband's death. Describes the bus trips and Bible Class camps, Wesley Revue, the thrift shop. Mentions lifestyle sections, changes in leisure activities, home baking and compares walking to church with the use of cars. Discusses the use of computers and foodbanks. Recalls the Methodist Women's Fellowship, Parish Seniors Afternoons, rest home visits and ministers. Interviewer(s) - Elaine Bolitho Arrangement: Tape numbers - OHC-009245: OHC-009246 Quantity: 2 C60 cassette(s). 1 transcript(s) - printed. 1 Electronic document(s) - transcript. 1 interview(s). 1.40 Hours and minutes Duration. Finding Aids: Abstract Available - transcript(s) available OHA-2973, OHDL-000974. Portrait photograph of Lois Bolitho

Date: 27 Nov 2000

From: Upper Hutt Uniting Parish Millennium Project

By: Noice, Rosemary Sarah Elizabeth, 1932-

Reference: OHInt-0593/39

Description: Rosemary Noice was born in Levin in 1932. Mentions attending St. David's Church, Main Road, Broadway, now known as Fergusson Drive, where she was parish seretary and involved with Sunday School, Bible in Schools. Recalls joining St. Andrew's and talks of the charismatic character of the church. Relates her family's church attendance, concerts, prizegivings, her dislike of church camps, and the beginnings of her faith. Mentions church picnics, fairs and progressive dinners. Talks of the impact of her faith when coping with her sister's death from cancer and on her work in a law office. Mentions having rheumatic fever as a child. Relates changes in the age of maturity, the use of Christian names. Describes her family's self sufficiency during the Depression mentioning food and clothes. Relates changes in hospital attendance, unions, milk and bread deliveries and Sunday shop hours in the 1940s. Mentions changes having a car and telephone have made. Recalls unlit streets. Recalls the clay excavations and brick works at New Lynn. Talks of work for everyone, mentioning Michael Savage. Explains changes in musical theatre, mentions theatrical groups in the Wellington Region. Talks of Scottish celebrations at New Year, describes the role of Dutch immigrants in Upper Hutt. Relates the use of the church premises by community groups. Talks of women in ministry, the reduction of ministers, the changing role of ministers' wives and women generally. Mentions Scottish and ballroom dancing, rock n' roll. Explains about her German descent, their pioneering, name changing, going to war, describes Christmas celebrations. Recalls the family's first cold safe for food storage, mentioning cream. Describes distances from neighbours, keeping a house cow. Recalls flying boats in Mechanics Bay, naming Jean Batten and Amy Johnson. Talks of her overseas travel. Arrangement: Tape numbers - OHC-009291, OHC-009292 Quantity: 2 C60 cassette(s). 1 transcript(s) - printed. 1 Electronic document(s) - transcript. 1 interview(s). 1.20 Hours and minutes Duration. Finding Aids: Abstract Available - transcript(s) available OHA-3002, OHDL-000957. Portrait photograph taken at time of interview Search dates: 1940 - 2000

Date: 31 Jan 2001

From: Upper Hutt Uniting Parish Millennium Project

By: Shakespeare, Edith Bohannon, 1917-2015

Reference: OHInt-0593/43

Description: Edith Shakespeare was born in Napier in 1917. Gives reasons for changing churches from Brethren to the Upper Hutt Uniting Parish, St. David's, St. Andrew's, the Baptist Church, Church of Christ and subsequently Iona. Relates that she sang in the St. David's choir, travelling there by bicycle or bus. Talks of St. Andrew's becoming part of the uniting parish and mentions the loss of the church building. Relates her enjoyment of services at the Wallaceville Church. Explains her faith and prayer mentioning Rev. Archie Kirkwood. Mentions that her family have moved away from Upper Hutt. Describes the Hawke's Bay earthquake, her father's injury, being evacuated to Palmerston North. Describes the church she attended in Ahuriri. Talks of attitudes by various denominations to each other, mentions a variety of buildings used for worship. Recalls Mr. Purvis building a Sunday School in Trentham, later used for church services. Recalls big families of six or eight children. Talks of her faith at the time of her husband's death and during the illnesses of two children. Describes the treatment for her mother's cancer, being cared for by her older sister after her mother's death. Describes available medicines, dental treatment. Recalls knowing people with TB, polio and diphtheria, breast cancer. Explains that she was President of the Ladies' Fellowship, a Church elder and that she goes sit dancing. Relates her preference for old hymns and outlines the format of services. Talks of changes in numbers of young people attending church impacting on Bible classes and Sunday School. Describes changes in social life, church attitudes to dancing. Talks of women ministers, mentioning Ann Thomas and Doug Lendrum who took over from her. Interviewer(s) - Elaine Bolitho Arrangement: Tape numbers - OHC-009298 Quantity: 1 C60 cassette(s). 1 transcript(s) - printed. 1 Electronic document(s) - transcript. 1 interview(s). 1 Hours Duration. Finding Aids: Abstract Available - transcript(s) available OHA-3006, OHDL-000961. Portrait photograph taken at the time of the interview Search dates: 1931 - 2001

Date: 10, 24 Nov 1998 - 10 Nov 1998 - 24 Nov 1998

From: Quaker Oral History Project

By: Leslie, Margaret Alison, 1929-2003

Reference: OHInt-0427-13

Description: Margaret Alison Leslie (nee Brown) born High Wycombe, Bucks, England. Recalls education in England; involvement with Quaker Movement; war memories, lessons in shelter, rationing etc. Mentions British Association for the Advancement of Science Meeting and afternoon tea with Duke of Edinburgh. Recalls journey to New Zealand on the `Tamaroa', being met by Florence King and Aubrey Bagent and journey to Kaitaia where she commenced teaching Biology and Science. Continues to describe life in New Zealand; meeting and marrying Murray Leslie, a geography and history teacher; Quaker General Meeting at Wanganui (1956); new school, Waimea College, near Nelson; four children; trip to Canada to visit cousin; interest in family history and responsibility of storing Friends records with reference to offer by Alexander Turnbull. Describes approach by Genealogical Society of New Zealand on Births, Deaths & Marriages records and recording practices. Backgrounds decision not to continue with teaching and change to writing. Mentions: `Animals of the Rocky Shore of New Zealand' and book for children called `Microscopes' and later (1972) in Patea, `Centenary of County Council (Social History). Describes fifteen years activities in Patea; South Taranaki Historical Museum; Secretary of Queen Elizabeth Arts Council South Taranaki Group, with reference to Malvina Major; involvement with committee of The NZ Ecological Society, with reference to research on 25 years of files and minutes which led to `The Little Blue Book'; decision to survey South Taranaki Bight at beginning of off-shore oil exploration. Gives details of Taranaki Catchment Commission & Patea Power Project, survey of Patea river contract jobs; project on Manaia Coast development of water rights, research on Vanadium with Kapuni, environmental impact report, move into freshwater biology and expansion into electric fishing. Describes completion of Coastal Survey. Access Contact - see oral history librarian Interviewer(s) - Penelope Dunkley Accompanying material - Photographs of paintings and drawing by Margaret Leslie Arrangement: Tape numbers - OHC-007414-007418 Quantity: 5 C60 cassette(s). 1 printed abstract(s). 1 interview(s). 3.30 Hours and minutes Duration. Finding Aids: Abstract Available - abstracting complete OHA-1872.

Date: 1990

From: [Ephemera of octavo size relating to the Church of England and Anglican congregations, parishes, churches and buildings in New Zealand]

By: Church of the Province of New Zealand

Reference: Eph-A-RELIGION-A-1990-01

Description: Booklet with text and order of service. Quantity: 1 album(s). Physical Description: 1 volume of 20 pages, 210 x 142 mm. Provenance: Purchased from Otago Heritage Books in September 2002.

Date: ca 1915

By: Anderson, Elizabeth A, active 2002

Reference: PAColl-8006

Description: Photographs of Amelia Mary Randall (1844-1930), companion help, church and community leader, landowner, businesswoman, benefactor, and her house in Greenmeadows, Hawke's Bay. Quantity: 2 b&w original photographic print(s). Physical Description: Digital copy prints 17.8 x 12.6 cm

Date: 13 May 1994

From: Inner City Ministry Oral History Project.

By: Whittington, Pamela Dayrell, 1933-

Reference: OHInt-0011/11

Description: Pam Whittington outlines her background in voluntary work; her brief with Inner City Ministry (ICM) which has widened and changed over the years; the Aro Valley Preschool Group starting ca 1980. Discusses older people in the community; Oldies Day; electric blankets; visiting Porirua Hospital; community care; relationship with domiciliary nurses. Mentions the setting up of Vincent's Arts and Crafts Workshop and reference to Margaret Pannett and Helen Walch in relation to this; St Peter's Pantry, its work, how operates. Recalls Tony McGurk and his work with people needing benefits from Department of Social Welfare; the Catacombs Coffee Bar; contact with Citizens Advice Bureau; work with the police; voluntary work with Victim Support; accommodation for elderly men. Discusses her photography hobby; community recognition for voluntary work; work on book to be published; the increase in work in 1994 and comments on the welfare state. Venue - Wellington Interviewer(s) - Margaret Pannett Venue - 48 Aro Street, Wellington Arrangement: Tape numbers - OHC-005926 Quantity: 1 C60 cassette(s). 1 transcript(s). 1 interview(s). 40 Minutes Duration. Finding Aids: Abstract Available - transcript(s) available AB 1299.

Date: 7 Oct 1993

From: The Dames Oral History Project

By: Guthardt, Phyllis Myra (Rev Dame), 1929-

Reference: OHInt-0046/03

Description: Dr Phyllis Guthardt was born in Nelson in 1929. Gives her family background, including the influence of her mother, and her father's belief in socialism and interest in world affairs. Describes her early love of reading and music. Talks about her schooling, five years spent doing secretarial work and training as a primary school teacher. Describes the difficulties involved in being accepted to train as a Methodist minister, her training at the Trinity Methodist Theological College in Auckland and period as probationary minister at Riccarton. Notes that she was the first woman in NZ to be ordained as a minister in one of the main churches. Describes her graduation from Canterbury with an MA in English (First class honours) and her scholarship to Cambridge where she did postgraduate study in biblical theology. Talks about her job as minister of the Melville Parish and Waikato Hospital Chaplain and her job as Ecumenical chaplain University of Waikato. Comments on some of the issues with students. Describes work as minister in Christchurch parishes, changes in the Methodist Church, working with Maori and attitudes to biculturalism and feminism. Talks about the numerous community and church bodies with which she has been associated, including Member of the Presidium of the World Methodist Council and Member of the University of Canterbury Council. Comments on her degree of Honorary Doctor of the University of Waikato and her DBE. Venue - Auckland : 1993 Interviewer(s) - Susan Fowke Quantity: 3 C60 cassette(s). 1 printed abstract(s). Finding Aids: Abstract Available - abstracting complete AB 1131. Search dates: 1993

Date: 2 July 1993 - 02 Jul 1993

From: Woodford House Oral History Project

By: Koreneff, Sidney, 1918-1997

Reference: OHInt-0061/29

Description: Reverend Sidney Koreneff-Domogatzky (nee Duigan) born Wanganui into a family closely involved with the Wanganui Herald, where grandfather had been editor and father, Managing Director, a position she herself held from 1960-1964. Refers to John Ballance who founded the Wanganui Herald and later became Prime Minister. Describes life at Woodford House School where she had been a boarder from 1929-1934. Recalls the Proficiency exam. Mentions Miss Fitchett, Miss Holland and Bishop Bennett. Talks about the damage caused by the earthquake in 1931. Other aspects of school life discussed include: the chapel; verse speaking; association with Wanganui Collegiate and Woodford's aspirations for students. Talks about life after Woodford House; study at Cambridge; study in Paris and nursing in German-Occupied France with Red Cross during the World War II, receiving the Croix De Guerre; the Dunkirk Association; spell in detention camp in Lille and eventually managing to get out of German-Occupied France. Discusses decision to become an Anglican Minister and her acceptance at St John's College.; Access Contact - see oral history librarian Venue - Auckland Interviewer(s) - Mary Varnham Venue - Auckland Arrangement: Tape numbers - OHC-005679-005680 Quantity: 2 C60 cassette(s). 1 transcript(s). 2 Hours Duration. Finding Aids: Abstract Available - transcript(s) available AB-1184. One coloured photograph of Sidney Koreneff

Date: 31 March 1994 - 31 Mar 1994

From: National Council of Women: Narratives from a century - oral history project

By: Dukes, Edelene Maude, 1908-2005

Reference: OHInt-0387/12

Description: Mrs Edelene Maude Dukes (nee Clarke) born in Milton. Outlines family background - grandfather arrived in Dunedin on the `Lutterworth' 5 April 1873 and worked for Glendinnings for years. Mother died during flu epidemic, 1919. Recalls her father's remarriage and her family's temporary separation. Gives details of own career with T & G Life Insurance. Married Cuthbert Melrose Dukes and settled in Karori - describes Karori at that period and expectations of women. Talks about Depression and bringing up a family during war years. Describes involvement with: Parents Association and Parents Council at Wellington Girls' College; Anglican representative for National Council of Churches, hence involvement with National Council of Women. Outlines positions held with NCW and recalls national issues worked on. Mentions: Phylis Alwyn (Salvation Army Major), Miriam Dell and Vivienne Boyd. Gives thoughts on where New Zealand women are today. Feels some organisations such as Scouts and Guides are dying out due to lack of support. Discusses Life Membership of Wellington Branch. Access Contact - see oral history librarian Venue - Wellington Interviewer(s) - Marian Redwood Venue - Karori, Wellington Arrangement: Tape numbers - OHC-006315-006316 Quantity: 2 C60 cassette(s). 1 printed abstract(s). 1 interview(s). 2 Hours Duration. Finding Aids: Abstract Available - abstracting complete AB-1448. One part of a b&w photograph showing Edelene Dukes

Date: 4 April 1994 - 04 Apr 1994

From: National Council of Women: Narratives from a century - oral history project

By: Casey, Stella Katherine (Dame), 1924-2000; Redwood, Marian, active 1994

Reference: OHInt-0387/05

Description: Stella Casey has already been interviewed as part of the `Dames Project' so this interview mainly concerns her involvement with the National Council of Women. Describes involvement with setting up East Coast Bay Branch of CWL (Catholic Womens League) which led to her involvement with NCW. Refers to Eileen Forde from whom she learnt a great deal. Mentions Joan Bradford, East Coast Mayoress. Discusses CWL, an organisation within the Catholic Church - gives its history. Refers to its founder, an English woman called Margaret Fletcher who went to University in Paris and was influenced by male students sexual thinking. Contrasts with Association of Anglican Women. Describes Archbishop Liston and how and why he set up the League in New Zealand 1931 or 1932. Talks about experience as National Treasurer of CWL and NCW. Became International Secretary for CWL and was nominated to Board of WUCWO. Describes work in International sphere during 1976-1988. Refers to Elizabeth Lovatt-Dolan, President of WUCWO. Outlines process to get an interview with the Vatican. Talks about the ordination of women - describes meeting between `Housewife from Dublin and Housewife from Rome, the Cardinal and three theologians, and recalls a breakthrough. Talks about Decade for Women and leading New Zealand Delegation to preparatory Meeting for Nairobi End of Decade Conference in Tokyo. Names other member - Georgina Kirby, President of Maori Womens Welfare League and executive officer of Department. Details Employment Equity Legislation just repealed. Mentions Colleen Dewe and Ann Hercus. Discusses Earthquake Legislation. Talks about Parliamentary Watch Committee. Discusses the position of women in society today and what has been achieved - minimum age of marriage, trials for rape, right of women to own nationality, right to matrimonial property, divorce on equal terms. Feels Employment Contracts have limited opportunities for equal pay. Venue - Wellington Interviewer(s) - Marian Redwood Venue - Oriental Bay Arrangement: Tape numbers - OHC-006298-006299 Quantity: 2 C60 cassette(s). 1 printed abstract(s). 1 interview(s). 2 Hours Duration. Finding Aids: Abstract Available - abstracting complete AB-1441. One coloured photograph of Dame Stella Casey taken at NCW Headquarters 70th birthday morning tea 1994

Date: 24 November 1993 - 24 Nov 1993

From: National Council of Women: Narratives from a century - oral history project

By: Dashfield, Helen, 1931-2015

Reference: OHInt-0387/08

Description: Helen Dashford was born Featherston. Outlines family background and life growing up as a daughter of a GP. Attended Canterbury University where she graduated with BA. Met and married Ted Dashfield, a young curate and immediatedly after marriage travelled to England (1935). Describes husband's family - Berneys, a titled family in Norfolk. Served in the second largest parish in Midlands (Cannock) with a population of 50,000, spanning eight coal mines. Returned to Tinui (1957), a widespread, sparsely populated parish. Gives details of 5 years in Carterton running Young Wives, Mothers' Union and teaching Sunday school and Bible class. Became Archdeaconry President of Mothers' Union and explains how at the Diocesan meeting in Wellington met women of like mind - Mavis Tiller, Shirley Rowe, Laurie Salas and Miriam Dell. Summoned up the courage to ask what NCW was and was motivated to start a branch in the Wairarapa with first meeting in St Matthews Church hall (1967) - Bess Pickering (first President). Outlines involvement with NCW from that time. Stood unsuccessfully for Local Body elections but succeeded second time. Gives reasons for involvement with community life - had passion for feminist role models for girls. Discusses difference between girls and boys. Discusses 1993 Suffrage celebrations. Access Contact - see oral history librarian Venue - Masterton Other - Positions held in NCW: President 1978, 1980-82. Involved 1967-84, received circular - 1991. Represented AAW, Soroptimists & WEL at NCW. Community work includes: 1981 elected to Masterton Trust Lands Trust -, President of Wairarapa Arts Centre, 1983-1986, Chair Arts Centre Trusts Board, 1991- , Trustee at St Matthews School Trust Board, 1992-1994, Trustee Trinity Schools Board, 1990-1994, President Wairarapa Soroptimists mid 70's, Archdeaconry President of Mothers' Union 1965-1967, Member WEL mid 70's-1982, Trustee Totara Trust - Alcohol & drug Centre ca 1988-93, 1993 - Member Women's Advisory Group Polytech, ARLA Tutor 1990- . Interviewer(s) - Mary Tallon Venue - Masterton Arrangement: Tape numbers - OHC-006305-006306 Quantity: 2 C90 cassette(s). 1 printed abstract(s). 1 interview(s). 3 Hours Duration. Finding Aids: Abstract Available - abstracting complete AB-1444. One coloured photograph (head and shoulders). Note on back reads: Helen with cake Xmas 1992.

Date: 11 January 1994 - 11 Jan 1994

From: National Council of Women: Narratives from a century - oral history project

By: Ellis, Shirley Annette, 1929-

Reference: OHInt-0387/11

Description: Shirley Ellis born in Te Rangi Maternity Hospital. Outlines family background - father one of the Webley Brothers, builders in Nelson, who were responsible for many of the city's large wooden buildings. Trained as a music teacher and appointed a full-time teacher and house mistress at Columba College (Dunedin). Discusses difficulties being a catholic teacher in a Presbyterian College. Married in 1952 and took up residence in the old family home in Palmerston - Arohanui has been a Coaching Inn on the Main Road into Central Otago. Describes formation of choir in Palmerston through Adult Education Section of Otago University. Describes involvement with Catholic Womens League, National Council of Women and Women's Division of Federated Farmers. Mentions women involved with NCW - Alison Roxburgh, Karen Glasgow, Mary Dixon, Ruby Pierson, Shirley Walker, Dorothea Horsman. Refers to Mavis Tiller's statement about women in a voluntary capacity making up the fabric of society. Discusses the way women have been taken for granted and the importance of unpaid work. Reference to anomaly of care-giving members of family not receiving pay and gives details. Recalls NCW support for families of the profoundly deaf; compulsory helmets for cyclists and primary health care for women. Describes involvement on Women's Suffrage Steering Committee, 1993. Gives details of life with Red Cross, with reference to Geneva Convention. Refers to a period as a broadcaster, firstly as an accompanist and later as a shopping reporter in Nelson. Recalls details of swaggers in Otago - Shiner, Barney Whiterats. Explains buying Pepin Island and the happy life there. Mentions concert parties during World War II. Describes involvement as a lay person in the Catholic Church - as a visitor of the St Vincent De Paul Society; as a Eucharist Minister since 1993, and explains how this would never have been contemplated for lay persons years ago - raises the question of women priests. Access Contact - see oral history librarian Venue - Nelson Interviewer(s) - Mary Tallon Accompanying material - CV attached with list of work experience and voluntry activities Arrangement: Tape numbers - OHC-006314-006315 Quantity: 2 C60 cassette(s). 1 printed abstract(s). 1 interview(s). 2 Hours Duration. Finding Aids: Abstract Available - abstracting complete AB-1447. One coloured photocopy of photograph of Shirley Ellis

Date: 6 July 1993 - 06 Jul 1993

From: National Council of Women: Narratives from a century - oral history project

By: McLeary, Kay, active 1993

Reference: OHInt-0387/18

Description: Kay McLeary in this interview discusses, briefly, early links with the National Council of Women through the Association of Anglican Women, and Young Wives and Mothers' Union. Gives details of strong influence of Dame Miriam Dell on life and own involvement in NCW. Mentions Ann Sandford and Margot Cornwall as Presidents at the time. Explains the effect a stroke had on health. Describes Watch Committee, later Parliamentary Watch Committee, set up in Wellington 1968. Refers to original committee, Mavis Tiller, Ruth Wylie, Laurie Salas and self. Reference to voluntary work for Association of Anglican Women. Found unpaid work personally unsatisfying. Returned to paid work for Tony Keasing's firm in the Hutt. Sees NCW as too slow and too conservative. Refers to Royal Commission. Discusses the future of NCW. Access Contact - see oral history librarian Venue - Howick Other - No biographical information provided - short abstract on involvement with NCW Interviewer(s) - Mary Tallon Arrangement: Tape numbers - OHC-006326 Quantity: 1 C60 cassette(s). 1 printed abstract(s). 1 interview(s). 45 Minutes Duration. Finding Aids: Abstract Available - abstracting complete AB-1454.