Te whakarorohiko kohikohinga puoro tuku iho

Tikiake i te PDF o te aratohu

He putanga ā-ipurangi tēnei o Te whakarorohiko kohikohinga pūoro tuku iho. Ka taea te tikiake i te aratohu ki te reo Māori, ki te reo Pākehā hoki.

• Te whakarorohiko kohikohinga puoro tuku iho (pdf, 2.9MB) — te reo Māori

• Digitisation of heritage audio collections (pdf, 3.3MB) — English

---

Te whakataki

Ko tēnei tuhinga whakamārama mō te hunga whakarorohiko kohikohinga pūoro tuku iho.

Ko te take o te whakarorohiko i ēnei rā ko te whātoro i ngā kohikohinga pūoro mā ngā hangarau o ēnei wā, he whai take nui hoki mō te pupuri i ngā kohikohinga pūoro mō ngā uri whakaheke. Ka pākarukaru haere ngā rauemi pūoro ake ka kore ai e āhei te whakatangi, ka mutu kei te kore haere hoki ngā taonga whakatangi i aua rauemi pūoro o mua.

Nō reira e kore pea e taea te whakarorohiko ā muri atu nei. He mea nui kia tika mai i te tuatahi; kia hangā pai mai he kape rorohiko e rite pū ana ki te mea tūturu ake, ka mau ai hoki ki te hōputu tika mō muri roa iho.

He pai tonu kia whakaarohia he wāhanga te whakarorohikotanga nō te mahi tiaki kohikohinga pūoro. He pai hoki te tānga a te IASA The Safeguarding of the Audio Heritage: Ethics, Principles and Preservation Strategy ko te (IASA-TC03) hei tirohanga whakataki mō ētahi o ngā take.

Ko te IASA (International Association of Sound and Audiovisual Archives) kei mua i te ao katoa mō tāna rangahau, tana tuhituhi me tana whakatairanga anō hoki i te ritenga pai rawa o ngā kohikohinga pūoro.

The Safeguarding of the Audio Heritage: Ethics, Principles and Preservation Strategy

International Association of Sound and Audiovisual Archives (IASA)

Te whakarorohiko māmā

Mō te whakarorohiko rauemi pūoro arā ētahi pū tikanga hei whakaaro kia tino tutuki ai te mahi tiaki nei.

Te whakarārangi pūoro me ngā āpitihanga tuarua

Ko te tikanga whānui he pai ake kia rahi anō ngā hopuranga oro hei te whakarorohikotanga o te rauemi tūturu. I tua atu i ngā whakarārangi pūoro, tērā anō ngā āpitihanga oreore ka hopukia pēnei i te hoihoi, te kihikihi, te pakepake me ētahi atu oro pūoro. Ehara mā ēnei āpitihanga oro pūoro e whakarekareka noa, kei ēnei āpitihanga tuarua ka pai ake ngā whakahaerenga a te rorohiko pēnei i te tuhi aunoa, te whai reo me te whakahou pūoro. Me mau tonu ngā hoihoi me ngā pakepake hei mua hei muri hoki i ngā whakarārangi pūoro e mau ai te katoa o te kape rorohiko.

I ētahi wā he oro atu anō ka mau i te hopuranga: he ranga oro kāore kē i āta tohua ki ngā pūrongo kohikohinga engari he whai take tonu hei whakaatu ake i te rauemi, he whai take rānei i tōna kotahi. Me āta tiaki tonu te mahi kia kore ai e mahue ētahi āpitihanga oro hei te whakarorohikotanga.

He mea nui kia kaua e tukua ngā mea hapa nei o te rekoata tūturu hei take e kore ai e tino eke rawa te whakarorohikotanga. Ehara, ko ngā rekoata taketake "pōhara" nei ngā mea tino whai hua ā tōna wā i te whakarorohikotanga, tērā ka whai take nui hoki ngā oro rongo āpitihanga hei whakamārama i ēnei momo rauemi.

Ngā kape pupuri, kape whakapai ake, kape tangotango hoki

Ko te whāinga tuatahi ake o te whakarorohikotanga ko te tārua i te rauemi tūturu. I ētahi wā ka kīia tēnei he kape papatahi, kape tiakinga koia rānei he tukunga kōrero matua. Ko tōna tikanga ko te kape tiakinga he tika ā-hītori nei, ka whakaatu hoki i te horopaki o te rekoata ka mutu he ātaahua ake ki te whakarongo atu. He ahakoa anō ngā taonga rorohiko hei "whakapai" ake i ngā hopuranga ā-rorohiko nei, ko ngā "hapa" tonu kei roto nā i te rekoatanga he wāhanga tonu rā nō reira me mau tonu.

I ētahi wā ko te āhua tonu o te rekoatanga tūturu ka whakararu mai - inā koa, he uaua pea kia mārama te whakarongo kōrero uiui nā te ngoikore o te hopuranga te nui rānei o te kihikihi kei muri ake. Hei ēnā pea ka whai take pea te whakamahi hangarau hei whakarei ake i te rekoatanga. Me mātua mahi atu te whakareitanga nei ki runga tāruatanga anake, ka kīia tēnei tārua ko te kape whakarei. Me mātua tuhinga pūrongo rawa te mahinga, ā, me mātua mau tonu te kape tiakinga hei rauemi hitōria.

Ko ngā kape tangotango ka arotautia mō tētahi taonga tohatoha ake. Ka pēnei hoki mā te whakamahi hōputu “rōhi” pēnei i te MP3. Ko ngā hōputu rōhi ka iti noa te rahinga kōnae inā iti noa ake ngā raraunga kōrero o roto i tēnā i te mea tūturu i te kape tiakinga rānei. Ko ngā tino oro anake o te auoro e pupurihia, kāore e rite rawa te pai o te pūoro kia āhei ai te tere tuku ā-rorohiko ki ngā rorohiko iti noa tōna pūmahara. Ko te whiriwhiri i te hōputu tangotango, kei te āhua tonu o te hunga ka toro mai me ngā taonga tohatoha ka whakamahia. Mehemea i mau tonu he kape pupuri matua, e taea ana he kape tangotango te hanga mai ki ētahi momo hōputu katoa mō te iti o te mahi me te utu.

Te metatāta me ngā tuhinga pūrongo

Mā te whakarorohikotanga ka tino rerekē te āhua o te hopuranga ororongo. He tika tonu kia tuhi pūrongo mō te ara mahi whakarorohikotanga me ngā taputapu i mahia ai. E tika ana kia mau te tuhi pūrongo nei ki roto i ō tikanga whakahaere kohikohinga. Tērā pea ka puta aunoa mai he metatāta ki te kōnae rorohiko, tērā rānei ka patopatohia ā-ringa. Mā te metatāta e āhei te tohu atu i te kape ā-rorohiko, te tohutoro hoki i te rauemi tūturu ake, me te whakamārama hoki i te ara mahi me ngā taputapu i whakamahia ai(me kī whakapapa ā-rorohiko nei).

Te pupuri i ngā mea rauemi tūturu ake

Ko te tikanga kia mau tonu ngā hopuranga tūturu ake, ahakoa hei muri kē i te whakarorohikotanga. Hei taonga kikokiko he kōrero pea kei ngā rekoatanga tūturu e kore e taea te whakarorohiko. Tērā pea hei taonga tuku iho motuhake anō ngā rekoatanga tūturu i tua atu i ngā pūoro e mau ana. Hei kōrero mutunga, he ahakoa te āhua ināianei, he taonga hou kē āpōpō, he ara hou anō hoki hei whātorotoro i ngā rekoatanga tūturu ake.

E tika anō ai te tiaki, me tika te wera me te haukū o te wāhi pupuri i ngā rekoata tūturu. Mō ngā tikanga tiaki taonga ororongo titiro ki Tape-online.net.

Te pupuri me te tiaki i ngā kape rorohiko

Kei te taumata whakarorohikotanga ororongo tērā ka 1 ka 2 kikapaita (GB) te raraunga mō ia haora ororongo. He tika kia rautakihia te pupuri, te tārua me te tiaki tonutanga o ēnei raraunga.

Tohutohu hangarau

Hei whakamārama anō mō ngā tikanga whakarorohiko ororongo, ko te tānga kōrero nei a te IASA Guidelines on the Production and Preservation of Digital Audio Objects (IASA TC04) he mea nui hei pānui mā te hunga katoa e whakarorohiko ana i ngā kohikohinga tuku iho. Ko te TC04 te tino o ngā tikanga whakarorohiko a te Whare Pukapuka o Huripūru, he whakamārama anō hoki kei roto mō ngā take maha e kōrerotia nei.

Guidelines on the Production and Preservation of Digital Audio Objects

Tērā ētahi mea e pai ai te whakarorohikotanga, ā, kei te TC04 he whakamārama mō ia mea nei.

Te hōputu me te taumira whakarorohikotanga

Ko te hōputu tika mō te whakarorohikotanga ororongo ko te Broadcast Wave (BWF). Ko te BWF he kōnae WAVE (.wav) me ētahi tāpiritanga metatāta kei roto hei āwhina i te tiaki tonutanga o ngā ororongo.

Kei te tikanga whakareo, te hōhonu pita, me te reti tauira mō te painga o te ororongo ā-rorohiko. Mō te whakarorohiko i te orotahi, ko te tikanga IASA mō te whakareo tāpae PCM, kia 24 pita neke atu rānei te taumira, ā, kia 48kHz te reti tauira. Whakamahia ai te reti tauira 96kHz.

Te āhua o te rauemi tūturu

He rauemi kopī, whiwhinga nei hoki ngā rauemi ororongo ka pāngia hoki e ētahi raru katoa e hāngai ana ki ngā tau o te rauemi me te āhua tonu. Ka uaua ake te whakarorohikotanga nā ēnei take, ā, mēnā kāore e whakatikahia hei mua i te tāruatanga, ka koree pai te tārua tērā ka tūkinotia rānei te rauemi tūturu, ko aua mea e rua rānei.

Mēnā kāore i te mārama ki a koe te āhua o tō ake kohikohinga, totoro mai ki Te Tari Tohu Taonga mō ngā tohutohu.

Te pai o te taputapu whakatangi

Kāore e taea e ngā taputapu whakatangi katoa ngā rauemi ororongo o mua nei te whakatangi. Tērā ka raru ngā rauemi tūturu, kāore rānei e pai te tārua ā-rorohiko, inā whai take iti noa te taputapu whakatangi, he karukaru rānei, kīhai rānei ngā taputapu i āta tiakina.

Te arotau o te whakatangi anō o ia rekoatanga

Kei te āhua tonu o te hōputu, ōna ritenga hangarau me whakatika rawa e tika ai te whakatangi anō i tētahi ororongo. He nui ngā wā kāore kē ēnei whakaritenga e tuhi pūrongotia me te rekoatanga ka riro kē ai mā te kaihangarau mātau e whakarite mai. Mēnā i mau ngā rekoatanga i te taputapu hapa, i ētahi wā me āta raweke anō te taputapu whakatangi e tika anō ai te whai hua.

Te pai o te whakawhitinga orotahi-ki-rorohiko

Ko tā te whakawhitinga orotahi-ki-rorohiko (whakawhitinga AD) he ine manorau i te orotahi ia hēkona ka mau ai ngā inenga hei tauira putuputu. Ko te tika me te māramatanga o tēnei mahinga he mea nui e pai ai te whakarorohikotanga. Ko ētahi whakawhitinga AD he mea hanga kia "mura" kē mai te tangi kia ātaahua ake ki te whakarongo atu. Otirā kāore tēnei e tika ana mō te whakarorohiko i ngā kohikohinga pūoro tuku iho, inā hoki ahakoa iti noa iho te whakarerekē, e kore a muri e hokia.

Te tirotiro i te whakarorohikotanga

E ai ki te IASA me tirotiro ngā mahi whakarorohiko katoa e tētahi kaihangarau mātau i te wā tonu e mahingia ana. Mā tēnei ka āwhina kia tika te tārua ā-rorohiko, kia wawe hoki te kite raruraru, kia haumaru hoki te mea tūturu hei te tāruatanga.

Kei te IASA TC04 he tohutohu mō ia wāhanga o te mahi whakarorohiko, tae atu ki ngā tohutohu mō ngā taumata taputapu tika. E tika ana kia pānuihia ēnei tohutohu e te hunga mahi whakarorohikotanga, ka mutu kia mārama, kia whakaae anō hoki ia ki te whai i ēnei tohutohu.

Rārangi mahi mō te whakarorohikotanga

Kei tēnei wāhanga he rārangi mahi mō te whakarite me te mahi ake i tētahi whakarorohikotanga.

Hei āwhina pea tēnei rārangi mahi mō te:

• whakaatu i ngā whakataunga me ngā mahi mā te hunga kaimahi kohikohinga

• taha tuhituhi ratonga whakarorohikotanga hei arotake whakaaro rānei mō te whakatū ratonga whakarorohikotanga.

He aha te mōhiotia o te kohikohinga hei whakarorohikotanga?

• Kua oti ngā tuhinga katoa mō te kohikohinga te whakaemi mai?

• E hia ngā mea kei te kohikohinga

• Te hōputu o ia mea (inā koa, rīpene hopureo)

• Ngā tau me te āhua o te mea

• Te roa o ngā kōrero kei ia mea

• Kua tohua te kape pai rawa hei whakarorohikotanga? (inā pea he maha ngā kape)

He aha ngā pīrangi mō te whakarorohikotanga?

• Kape tiakinga – e 24 pita, e 48kHz BWF te itinga, e 96kHz te tikanga

• Kape tangotango - kia hōputu aha?

• Tuhinga pūrongo me te metatāta - tēhea momo me te ara tuku?

• Tapa kōnae tāruatanga rorohiko - te mea tika mō tō momo whakahaere kohikohinga?

• Kia pēhea te tuku atu i ngā tāruatanga rorohiko?

He aha ngā whakaritenga mō te tiaki tonu i ngā kape rorohiko?

• Te pupuri

• Te kape tuarua

• Te tangotango

• Te tūpono aituā

Ka eke te ara whakarorohiko e whakaarotia nei ki tā te IASA i tohutohu ai mō:

• Te whai wāhi o te hunga pūkenga ki te whakatika i ngā taonga pāpāho raruraru (TC04)

• Te whai wāhi o te hunga pūkenga ki te arotau tika i te whakatangihanga mai (TC04)

• Te whai wāhi o te whakarorohikotanga i te wā pāho tonu, e āta whakarongo haeretia ana e te kaihangarau mātau

Ka eke ngā taputapu whakarorohiko e whakaarotia nei ki tā te IASA i tohutohu ai mō:

• Ngā whakawhitinga orotahi-ki-rorohiko

• Ngā taputapu whakatangi me te tiakinga

• Te hōputu ā-rorohiko me te taumira

He aha ngā whakaritenga e puta tōtika ai he kape rorohiko hapa kore nei?

• Ngā whakaritenga kia kore ai e mahue he ororongo

• Ngā whakaritenga mō te hapa ororongo - inā pea, he pūare kei te kōnae rorohiko

• Ngā whakaritenga mō te hapa raraunga - kōnae whati, kōnae hapa

He aha te huarahi whakahaumaru i ngā rauemi tuku iho hei te whakarorohikotanga?

• Te haumarutanga whare me te taiao

• Ko te tiaki me te whāwhā

• Te tūpono parekura

• Ko ngā herenga tikanga mō te whakarongo ki ngā rekoatanga

Ka puta i te whakarorohikotanga he tuhinga pūrongo tika he metatāta tau anō hoki?

• He ripoata i te āhua o te rauemi tūturu

• He ripoata hangarau mō te taputapu me te ara whāia mō ia rekoatanga tae noa ki ngā tūpono raruraru

• He metatāta BWF e whakamārama ana i te whakapapa ā-rorohiko me te tohu motuhake o ia kōnae

He ara whakaaea rānei mō te:

• Rauemi raruraru

• Āpitihanga ororongo

• Whakawātea i ngā kape rangitahi

Kei te hiahia koe ki te āwhina?

Whakapā mai ki te National Preservation Office mēnā e hiahia ana koe ki te tohutohu atu anō mō te atawhai i ō kohinga tuku iho.

Īmēra —preservation@dia.govt.nz
Waea — 04 474 3000

Tohutoro

IASA Technical Committee, Guidelines on the Production and Preservation of Digital Audio Objects, ed. nā Kevin Bradley. Whakaputanga tuarua 2009. (= Standards, Recommended Practices and Strategies, IASA-TC 04).

Schüller, D., Audio and Video Carriers: Recording Principles, Storage and Handling, Maintenance of Equipment, Format and Equipment Obsolescence. 2008.

Ngā mihi

E mihi ana Te Tari Tohu Taonga ki ngā mahi a te Kaitiaki, Rauemi Whakaata Irirangi, Nick Guy, me ngā tohutohu a te Kaitiaki Pūoro Matua, Bronwyn Officer, me te Kaitiaki Kōrero Tuku Iho me ngā Pūoro, Linda Evans, o te Whare Pukapuka o Huripūru mō te whakarite i tēnei tānga kōrero.